Financial Planning Informative Speech

Discourse 4 †Informative Speech We have a posse of confused bozos directing our boat of state directly over a bluff, we have corporate criminals taking us visually impaired, and we can't tidy up after a tropical storm considerably less form a cross breed vehicle. Be that as it may, rather than getting distraught, everybody lounges around and gestures their heads when the legislators state, â€Å"Stay the course. † Stay the course? You must child. This is America, not the condemned Titanic. ~ Lee Iacocca Finance arranging legend. A likely furious Lee Iacocca was showing that account is something that must be pre-arranged, arranged, rethought and even post-planned.Financial arranging in itself doesn't include simply setting spending plans, wage rates or cutoff times. It is tied in with becoming more acquainted with sensible work routine, the way wherein they can be executed, back up plans that can be utilized and minimal expense with the assistance of which the whole undert aking can be executed. So essentially, budgetary arranging and development anticipating, both include, the responses to the 4 significant inquiries, why, when, where and how (answers must be cost situated). Steps in Long Term Financial PlanningStep 1: Let us take the case of a café, though a budgetary organizer, one needs to discover authentic responses to 4 inquiries, specifically: Why would it be a good idea for us to deliver a particular thing on the menu card? (consider cost of creation and deals cost) When would it be advisable for us to deliver such a thing and for what time term? (remember occasional costs, expansion of crude material costs) Where would it be advisable for us to deliver the thing, directly in the shop or some creation community? (consider transport cost, nature of merchandise and selling cost) How would it be a good idea for one to create the thing, physically or precisely? consider hardware and faculty cost) Step 2: The subsequent advance is to survey your business condition. In this progression, reviewing the contender's presentation, evaluating and conveyance is a flat out need. In such a situation, you may likewise set up a cost sheet of the monetary highlights of creation, to be specific, the cash that you would need to contribute as an assembling cost, its business cost, and the benefit that it would yield. Legitimately, the deal cost ought to be more than the cost and the arrival over resource proportion/return over speculation proportion ought to be healthy.While settling these three figures, you should mull over 3 significant viewpoints. Normal spending limit of your clients. Your rival's quality, amount and cost. Ubiquity of the item, expected market, client holding limit of the item, and so forth. Despite the fact that the pattern of such items is progressively exploratory in nature, they may turn out to be full-time, open most loved items, consequently it is additionally imperative to make a money related arrangement to rec uperate misfortunes, that emerge in the trial time frame, until the item builds up itself in the market.Step 3: The third and fourth step are increasingly expository in nature and from the account perspective, they are likewise very far reaching. The possibility that you have to actualize in the third step is portion of assets in such a way, that you will in general make a certifiable benefit in deals, during the since a long time ago run. In this progression, you will utilize and examining income proclamations on very nearly a regular schedule. The key is to have uniform money surges for back to back days/months/years. Money outpouring is fundamentally all costs and misfortunes. Misfortunes are very wild yet costs are unquestionably controllable.Hence scan for crude material sources, labor and creation forms that will assist you with maintaining a uniform and low for every unit cost for the thing/item. For instance have ordinary providers, who will flexibly at a concurred and unifo rm expense. This consistency will in the end prove to be useful to check and control surprising misfortunes, and will likewise assist you with keeping a decent hold over the market. The second piece of the third step is making money related arrangements. This is significant because of the way that no business is sans hazard. Such arrangements incorporate development to the crude material provider, protection, arrangements for terrible obligations, additional administrations, etc.Step 4: I might want to call this progression as hold, support and engage. This progression is a serious propelled one, and fundamentally incorporates a wide range of viewpoints, that target holding the clients. The principal significant capacity of this progression is to create ordinary information and income explanations. With the assistance of these announcements you will acknowledge whether that very thing on the menu is ending up being beneficial or not. Simultaneously, you additionally need to keep up an explanation that records money inflows and outpourings over a more extended timeframe (in months or a quarter).Thus, you will acknowledge what is beneficial for your business, and what your clients need. To summarize the entire hypothesis, it tends to be said that drawn out fund arranging is a 3 dimensional chart, with client, item and market being the measurements. The embodiment of cost and time are added to each measurement. All things considered, the way to effective long haul budgetary arranging is to encourage every one of the three measurements legitimately, remembering the quintessence of time and cash. Peruse more at Buzzle: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/long haul budgetary arranging. html

PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points possible 100Place y Essays

PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points conceivable: 100Place your first and last name, understudy ID and the date of your worksheet consummation in the spaces below.Student Name:Student ID: Date: This worksheet is expected by 11:55pm ET Sunday toward the finish of Week 6 of the course termYou may deal with it in front of its cutoff time however may not submit it preceding its alloted week. OVERVIEW:This worksheet requires unloading the key components of a distributed insightful diary article and exhibiting APA source reference aptitudes, exercises you will take part in much of the time in the culmination of an assortment of assignments including expositions, inquire about papers and writing surveys in future courses. To finish the worksheet, download and spare a duplicate of it with your first and last name in the record title, answer the inquiries and connect your finished duplicate. Citing isn't allowed. All answers must be composed as summarizes, implying that you should rehash what you re ad in your own words, except for specialized terms, for example, the names of analytic tests. You are not required to source credit the article in your responses to the Section I Key Article Components questions. Segment II, Source refering to and reference posting in APA position is the place you will exhibit information on the most proficient method to effectively arrange source crediting in APA style. Answers will be evaluated for precision, meticulousness, clearness and right spelling and grammar.No substance of this record might be expelled or reordered. Answers must be embedded in the spaces gave. ================================================================================== Segment I:KEY ARTICLE COMPONENTS 1. Past research and writers' bases for leading their study100 word minimumAfter perusing the article's initial five passages, in the space beneath answer these two inquiries: What past research has been directed on the article writers' equivalent or comparable points? What were their clarifications for why their investigation was needed?2. Research technique used50 word minimumIn the space underneath, portray the sort of research strategy that the article writers utilized in leading their examination and clarify why it was appropriate for an examination of their subject (Ex: individual or gathering meeting, contextual analysis, lab controlled or naturalistic perception; organization of mental tests). Allude back to the course reading material part on investigate techniques for an audit of strategy types and their motivations. 3. Members engaged with the examination 100 word length minimumIn the space underneath, portray in story structure (records and sentence pieces can't be utilized) the qualities of the members associated with the exploration study led by the article writers. What was the quantity of people who took an interest; where were they enlisted from; what were the member socioeconomics; were any member screening systems directed; what rules were utilized to figure out who partook in the examination and who didn't; were members paid or did they get some other sort of pay for being engaged with the investigation; and so forth. Note: Some of the above data is given in the article's Measures segment, so you will need to utilize both it and the Members and Procedures segments to respond to these inquiries. 4. Measures usedIn the space underneath, list the measures utilized in the article writers' examination. 5. Information analysesIn the space underneath, list the information examinations used to break down the information accumulated during the article writers' investigation. Note: You don't need to know how the examinations are directed; just naming them is required here. 6. Study resultsIn the space beneath sum up the consequences of the examination directed by the article writers. 7. DiscussionIn the space beneath, sum up the ends came to by the writers in the last seven passages of their article. What were their understandings of the examination results? What confinements of their examination and required future research did they note?SECTION IISOURCE CITING AND REFERENCE LISTING IN APA FORMATTip: If required, instances of how to source credit in APA arranging style can be found in the Online Writing Lab, situated at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/asset/560/01/The writers of the article are: Weili Lu, Philip T. Yanos, Steven M. Silverstein, Kim T. Mueser, Stanley D. Rosenberg, Jennifer D. Gottlieb, Stephanie Marcello Duva, Thanuja Kularatne, Stephanie Dove-Williams, Danielle Paterno, Danielle Hawthorne, and Giovanna Giacobbe.The article's title is: Public Mental Health Clients with Severe Mental Illness and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorde r: Trauma Exposure and Correlates of Symptom SeverityThe article was distributed in Volume 26, on

25 Stories of Getting Accepted to MIT

25 Stories of Getting Accepted to MIT Note: all stories below are unedited accounts of current and former students MIT acceptance moments, prompted by a pre-Pi Day email thread.   We had a snow day and when I called my grandmother to tell her, she screamed loud enough that the person on the other side of the living room heard her (she was not on speaker). N.T. ‘21 (Early Action) I bought a large quantity of ice cream the night before. If I got in, I would eat the ice cream to celebrate; if I did not, I would eat the ice cream to make myself feel better. M.B. ‘17   I had just finished the morning milking and was setting up some electric fence for the cows when decisions came out. I could get 1 bar of wifi on my phone in one corner of the field, but not enough speed to load my decision before the server timed out, or so I thought. I found out later that the server had pretty much quit for a few hours after decisions came out, and had to wait about 90 minutes before I could get the page to load. Oh yeah, my mother screamed. I didnt. R.M. ‘19   I just got off from McDonalds and sat by myself in the parking lot to open the letter. I almost crashed the car driving home because I was crying so much, and when I got to my house my parents were waiting to ask if I got in or not, and then they were crying, too. E.T. 20 I had just gotten rejected from Caltech earlier that week and was feeling pretty down. I was so confident I’d get rejected, I didn’t even check that morning since my friends and I were going to a math competition that day. Not with a teacher or a team or anything, just none of us had ever experienced much non-classroom math, so we thought we’d go for the heck of it. We had no experience and no clue what we were doing, but a lot of fun. In the car on the way home I pulled out my phone to check. I tried to be all nonchalant about it so my mom wouldn’t see my look of sadness when it came. I figured, MIT is for those other kids at the math competition that actually know what they’re doing, not silly me. When I saw those magical words, I immediately read them three times to make sure they were real. Then I screamed, my mom screamed, and somehow she managed to half hug me while driving. I rolled down the window and put my arms and head out the window and screamed some more, and it was the most amazing feeling. L.K. 19   (not pi day; early action, but still) I was alone in my room with my dog on my bed. I had her there for reasons similar to M.B. ‘17’s ice cream: if I got in, shed get hugs. If I didnt, shed still get hugs and Id feel better. I was absolutely convinced I wouldnt get in because I wasnt even in the top 10% at my school, and most of the other schools I applied to were art schools anyway. My family walked in while I was tearing up and hugging my dog, and it took me about a minute to get the words together to tell them the good news. My dog didnt know what was going on but she was down to party anyway. S.A. ‘19 Early Action story: The decision came out a couple hours after school ended, and I had homework to do, but I was too stressed out to concentrate. I decided to play video games to distract myself and, as it turns out, it worked too well. About an hour after the decisions came out, my parents came home and were all like, “hey so did you get in?” and I was like, “OH RIGHT MIT LET ME JUST SAVE MY GAME AAAAAA” and then came the screaming and the excitement and the frantic emailing of friends and relatives etc. etc. etc. R.T. ‘20 Did EA, decisions came out around 12:15pm. Went to bed super late so I didnt have to wait once I woke up. Woke up right before they came out, checked, felt happy, went back to sleep for a few more minutes. o/ S.M. 19 It was Pi Day. I was sitting on the couch at home and hoping Id be able to load the website before having to head to orchestra rehearsal. I loved MIT, but I tried to keep my hopes really low after applying. I was convinced I wasnt [x] or [y] or [z] enough for MIT. When the website loaded and I skimmed that page for the result, I yelped and burst into tears. My dad was downstairs and wasnt able to tell if I was crying cause I got in or not, until I managed to get a complete sentence out through the tears. IHTFP but that was a special day. E.M. ‘20   I was working on a final project in my room. My girlfriend was helping because my hands were shaking too hard to cut the paper cleanly, and I was talking loudly about anything and everything that would distract me. We had made a bet if I didn’t get in, she owed me dinner, and if I did, I owed her. I checked at like 6:24 ”””just to make sure it was working”””” and read just the first line and couldn’t believe what happened. I told my girlfriend that I owed her dinner. It took her a second to figure it out. We freaked out as quietly as possible so as not to alert my parents who were home at that time “for no reason.” I wore my hoodie downstairs, my parents saw and freaked out, etc. I went to my robotics team meeting later that night my robotics coach (talking about the best time for sending some email) had mentioned earlier that week that he felt like “the stars were going to align,” so I confirmed when I got there that the stars had IN FACT aligned, and he should send his email now for optimal results. I had to pull an all nighter to finish the project because I couldn’t stop freaking out enough to focus, and fell asleep the moment I got home the next day. Anonymous ‘21       I was early action. I was afraid to look it up because I knew I didnt get in. I figured that if the tube didnt come by Christmas, I would double check that I had gotten rejected and leave it at that. It lasted about two weeks before the college guidance counselor came up T: Hey I heard you havent checked to see if you got into MIT. Me: Nope. T: Okay. But someone from MIT noticed and wanted to know if youre excited. Me: Why? T: What? Me: Either I in, and Im excited, or I didnt in which case why would MIT even care about me in the first place? T: Maya. EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE!!!! (it still took me an hour to open the decisions page) I didnt talk-tell what my parents: I sewed MIT onto the back of a red sweatshirt and wore it that night, so they figured it out that way (I was staunchly anti-periphenalia before that) Maya K. 19     The website crashed when I tried to check on pi day, so I went to take a shower. While I was in the shower the website loaded, so my mom yelled you got in!!! through the bathroom door. I heard her and continued to shower. M.M. ‘19   (December vice pi day, but) I was on a weeklong school trip, staying at a hotel in Okinawa, Japan. (My school was a DoD school, also in Japan, so this was not as cool as it sounds.) I didnt have a smartphone, so I had to check on one of two hotel lobby computers, both of which had Japanese keyboards that were really hard to figure out. When I saw I got in, I involuntarily screamed, which, for the record, I dont think Ive ever done before or since. (It was my first acceptance anywhere, so that played a part, too.) It turns out Japanese hotel lobbies are very quiet, and acceptance screams are very loud. I was afraid I was going to get kicked out, but I guess happiness outbursts transcend language barriers, because the staff congratulated me. Matt C. ‘15 I was driving on the fast lane on the Freeway and couldn’t help but check. Almost crashed, definitely not my smartest idea. tl;dr do not try at home kidz. A.M. ‘19   My dad was driving me to a robotics scrimmage. Recovery by Frank Turner was playing on the radio. I cried happy tears while reading the letter. I got to the scrimmage, found out my then-boyfriend had been deferred, and proceeded to feel incredibly guilty and cry a lot of sad tears. We almost broke up every week or so for the next several months. M.P. ‘19 I was working after school on a project (on the west coast), when I realized it was almost time. I told my friend (who also applied) this, and we both went outside with our laptops. I vividly remember sitting outside the computer lab underneath the awning so as to avoid the bright suns glare, my back studded by the stucco wall. At 3:28, we both checked. I got in; he did not. We both got back to work. Anonymous ‘20   I was accepted early, so not actually on Pi Day. On the day of, I was in the middle of a week-long visit to see my cousins/extended family in Florida and I hid in their spare room to check results. I cried silently when I saw that I had been accepted; my cousin accidentally walked in and thought I had been rejected. Once I regained composure (which took quite a while) I went back downstairs to tell everyone. They were all gathered in the living room pretending not to be waiting for me, and they had planned dinner somewhere fancy with the idea that it would be celebration if I was accepted or consolation if I was rejected. K.C. ‘18   Well, I woke up from a three-hour nap and I was going to start writing my Hamlet essay. I was certain Id get rejected. Anyways, Im in the kitchen with my mother and my sister, and I check. My phone was blurry; I could only see exclamation points, so I deduced that I was probably not reading a rejection letter. Apparently, my face was a sight to see. So yes Im screaming and in much disbelief. My parents and sister proceed to contact everyone in the familiaâ„¢. I think I held 4 phones in this time span which looking back does not make much sense. A few hours later I was working on my Hamlet essay. We then hear the door bell. My mother thinks its some neighbor complaining about my sisters tuba playing. Then we hear it again. My mother then thinks its some creep and demands that everyone stay away from the first floor. A few moments later I receive a text from a friend that she was at my house and wanted to eat cookies to celebrate our college acceptances. The cookies were pretty good. D. G. ‘21     i remember my parents were convinced i wouldnt get in and forcibly tried to not make a big deal out of pi day to lessen the inevitable pain by making me watch a movie with them during the announcement Anonymous ‘18 As a nice little contrast I was the one who didnt want to make it a big deal, so I only told my parents and sister about applying to MIT and when the results were coming out. Yet that day I was staying with my grandma, and when I screamed, she almost had a heart attack and rushed to the room I had locked myself in. When I told her, she was super excited and jumped with me for a couple of minutes before asking So.. whats MIT? (for Dec. 15th, not Pi day, but w.e.) F. M. ‘17   I found out that my parents put me in a future MIT graduate onesie as a child but never showed the pictures in case it would be pressuring. Then they gave me a baby-sized stuffed rabbit with said onesie. A.L. ‘17   My dad and I were judging an FLL tournament in December 2013, and I didnt get my lunch break until a few hours after decisions came out. I asked a random parent who was probably intimidated by my judges shirt to borrow her phone because I couldnt get mine to connect to the internet and my dad didnt have a smartphone yet. My dad gave me a congratulations handshake when I told him I got in because he doesnt know how to handle his emotions. A.M. ‘18 (early action) I was at a math competition with a few friends who also applied to MIT. The decision would come out during the competition, but we decided that we would not check until after we got home, so that it wouldnt affect our mood and impact our performance. Anonymous ‘18 (EA but) I was studying for a final the next day with a friend who also applied. We both checked at the same time. I got in, he got deferred. I had to go to the bathroom so that I wouldnt be too excited in front of him. (oh I forgot about the more exciting part) I drove to Starbucks to congratulate myself and as a study break and then took a single wrong turn that ended up having no cross-streets or turnaround areas, which took me halfway to the next town over and got me super lost and eventually I just did a semi-sketchy U-turn. M.V. ‘20     It was a snow day and I forgot what day it was. My parents were shoveling and came back in to where I was working and were like its 6:28. It took me way too long to figure out why that was significant and then I couldnt quite believe the thing when I read it. A.B. ‘21 I got my decision on Pi Day I did not have my life anywhere near together enough to do EA. Even though it was the very last decision I would receive, and Id been rejected from literally every other school Id applied to (except our state college), I was foolishly confident I might have a chance primarily because Id only applied to MIT on a whim when my mom had suggested it; Id barely heard of it and thought it was a medium-tier school or so. All I knew is that I didnt have to write any long essays, so I was all for that. Then my best friend (already a year out of high school) came over on Pi Day to hang out for a bit, and I casually mentioned that the MIT decisions were coming out later. He proceeded to get really excited and started going on and on about how MIT was the best school in the world and that I would certainly, *definitely* get in. Id had no idea that it had the reputation it did needless to say, this thoroughly convinced me that I had zero chance whatsoever. Hed brought one of his college friends I didnt know too well, and they were going on and on about how cool it would be if I got in, and around Tau oclock I decided to log in a couple of minutes early just to see. They were arguing about something random when I saw the words on the screen and just said, hey guys? My best friend screamed and threw his arms around me and wouldnt let go (or stop screaming) for several minutes. When he finally did let go, I saw on my phone a notification that hed somehow tagged me in a congratulatory Facebook post. Apparently hed had it prepared to post mid-hug. S.G. ‘18 Post Tagged #Early Action #Pi Day #Regular Action

A Brief History of Writing

The history of writing instruments, which humans have used to record and convey  thoughts, feelings and grocery lists is, in some ways, the history of civilization itself. It is through the drawings, signs, and words weve recorded that weve come to understand the story of our species.   Some of the first tools used by early humans were the hunting club and the handy sharpened-stone. The latter, initially used as an all-purpose skinning and killing tool, was later adapted into the first writing instrument. Cavemen scratched pictures with the sharpened-stone tool onto the walls of  cave dwellings. These drawings represented events in daily life such as the planting of crops or hunting victories. With time, the record-keepers developed systematized symbols from their drawings. These symbols represented words and sentences, but were easier and faster to draw. Over time, these symbols became shared and universalized among small, groups and later, across different groups and tribes as well. It was the discovery of clay that made portable records possible. Early merchants used clay tokens with pictographs to record the quantities of materials traded or shipped. These tokens date back to about 8500 B.C. With the high volume of and the repetition inherent in record keeping, pictographs evolved and slowly lost their detail. They became abstract-figures representing sounds in spoken communication. Around 400 B.C., the Greek alphabet was developed and began to replace pictographs as the most commonly-used form of visual communication. Greek was the first script written from left to right. From Greek followed the Byzantine and then the Roman writings. In the beginning, all writing systems had only uppercase letters, but when the writing instruments were refined enough for detailed faces, lowercase was used as well (around 600 A.D.) The Greeks employed a writing stylus made of metal, bone or ivory to place marks upon wax-coated tablets. The tablets were made in hinged pairs and closed to protect the scribes notes. The first examples of handwriting also originated in Greece and it was the Grecian scholar Cadmus who invented the written alphabet. Across the globe, writing was developing beyond chiseling pictures into stone or wedging pictographs into wet clay. The Chinese invented and perfected Indian Ink. Originally designed for blacking the surfaces of raised stone-carved hieroglyphics, the ink was a mixture of soot from pine smoke and lamp oil mixed with the gelatin of donkey skin and musk. By 1200 B.C., the ink invented by the Chinese philosopher, Tien-Lcheu (2697 B.C.), became common. Other cultures developed inks using the natural dyes and colors derived from berries, plants and minerals. In early writings, different colored inks had ritual meaning attached to each color. The invention of ink  paralleled that of of paper. The early Egyptians, Romans, Greeks and Hebrews used papyrus and parchment papers began using parchment paper around 2000 B.C., when the earliest piece of writing on Papyrus known to us today, the Egyptian Prisse Papyrus was created.   The Romans created a reed-pen perfect for parchment and ink from the hollow tubular-stems of marsh grasses, especially from the jointed bamboo plant. They converted bamboo stems into a primitive form of fountain pen and cut one end into the form of a pen nib or point. A writing fluid or ink filled the stem and squeezing the reed forced fluid to the nib. By the year 400, a stable form of ink developed, a composite of iron-salts, nutgalls and gum. This became the basic formula for centuries. Its color when first applied to paper was a bluish-black, rapidly turning into a darker black before fading to the familiar dull brown color commonly seen in old documents. Wood-fiber paper was invented in China in the year 105 but was not widely used throughout Europe until paper mills were built in the late 14th century. The writing instrument that dominated for the longest period in history (over one-thousand years) was the quill pen. Introduced around the year 700, the quill is a pen made from a bird feather. The strongest quills were those taken from living birds in the spring from the five outer left wing feathers. The left wing was favored because the feathers curved outward and away when used by a right-handed writer. Quill pens lasted for only a week before it was necessary to replace them. There were other disadvantages associated with their use, including a lengthy preparation time. Early European writing parchments made from animal skins required careful scraping and cleaning. To sharpen the quill, the writer needed a special knife.  Ã‚  Beneath the writers high-top desk was a coal stove, used to dry the ink as quickly as possible. Plant-fiber paper became the primary medium for writing after another dramatic invention took place. In 1436,  Johannes Gutenberg  invented the printing press with replaceable wooden or metal letters. Later, newer printing technologies were developed based on Gutenbergs printing machine, such as offset printing. The ability to mass-produce writing in this way revolutionized the way  humans communicate. As much as any other invention since the sharpened-stone, Gutenbergs printing press set forth a new era of human history.

Career As A Nurse Practitioner - 1716 Words

Who you are and what do you want to do with your life is a question asked early on in most people’s lives. For this question there is no certain answer. It is all dependent on the individual. Career-wise there are many options ranging from scientific research to professional sports. For many, a career in the medical field is a perfectly viable option. Jobs here, sit at the forefront of medical science, offers a chance to give back to the health of the human population, as well as offer opportunities in administration or business ownership. Here, we will take a look at at Advanced Practice Registered Nursing. Luckily, I had recently had the opportunity to interview one of these individuals. I interviewed Mrs. Ruth Benitez in regards to her position as a Nurse Practitioner and got a surplus of information in regards to the career. A career as a Nurse Practitioner offers a solid in-between in faucets both business and medically speaking. APRN s are held up to the same standards a s regular Registered Nurses, meaning doing patient rounds and ensuring well-being of said patients. This would entail running and ordering diagnostic tests to provide physiological medical treatments. Scope of this would range from simple blood draws to full physical check-ups. Plus, considering the medical career shortage many APRN s work independently of physicians. This extends their abilities further to things such as prescribing medication. The other half of the job is more business related.Show MoreRelatedThe Career Of A Pediatric Nurse Practitioner1233 Words   |  5 PagesPediatric Nurse Practitioner According to Orison Swett Morden â€Å"There is no medicine like hope, no incentive so great, and no tonic so powerful as expectation of something better tomorrow†. The career of a pediatric nurse practitioner is fulfilling, because of helping others. 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They allow more scope and liberty of clinical practice in nursing. It gives nurse an opportunity to advance their career. This essay gives an overview of three expanded careers nurse practitionerRead MoreBenefits Of Being A Nurse Practitioner1162 Words   |  5 PagesA nurse practitio ner is a profession that permits nurses to practice medicine with limited supervision, and they can practice without a doctorate degree. This profession generally has more authority than registered nurses because nurse practitioners are allowed to treat patients independently, and they receive a greater salary. However, there are some disadvantages to this career as well, such as getting tired easily and a lot more responsibility. Even though a nurse practitioner gets to do many

Sunshine Chapter 11 Free Essays

string(89) " response feels like it ought to be something like passing the salt or closing the door\." Silence fell. Some things hadn’t changed. â€Å"Bo is looking for me,† I said at last. We will write a custom essay sample on Sunshine Chapter 11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Yes,† he said. â€Å"I’m sorry,† I said humbly, â€Å"I don’t know what to do. I†¦I†¦All I did was drive out to the lake, that night, and everything else†¦I’m sorry,† I said again, a little wildly, and only too aware of the irony: â€Å"I don’t want to die, you know?† â€Å"Yes,† he said again. This time I heard the pause as one of those â€Å"you’re not going to like this† pauses. â€Å"Bo is looking for me too,† he said. â€Å"When he finds me, he will be careful to destroy me. Last time was theatrics. This time he will take no chances.† Well, that was the most cheering news I’d heard all week. Even better than ghastly revelations about the possible truth of my genetic composition. No one really understands genetics any more than anyone really understands world economics, and what I’d been guessing might not be true. I could just worry about it for the rest of my life. If I was going to have a rest of my life. As guaranteed bad news, vampires are a much surer bet. Great. Spartan. Let’s have a party. â€Å"Oh,† I said carefully. I looked into what was probably a short, bleak future, and realized that one of the reasons I’d been glad to see that dark shape in the chair was that with him here, for the first time since I’d come home after those nights at the lake I’d felt maybe†¦not totally clueless and overwhelmed. Yes, he’d been the one shackled to the ballroom wall with me, but they’d been afraid of him. Twelve against one, and him chained to the wall, and they were afraid. The fact that they’d caught him could have been some kind of trick. It happened. Presumably among vampires too. And now he was saying that he was out of his depth too. That it was hopeless. I wanted some nice human equivocation and denial. No, no, it’ll be all right! The table knife was an ugly accident! And by the way you’re not going to morph into an axe murderer! Rescuing the odd vampire from destruction had already fulfilled my bad-gene quota of antisocial behavior. Please. â€Å"Why does he hate you so much?† I said. The silence went on for a while, but I could wait. What else was there to do? Walk outside and shout, â€Å"Here I am!†? I might be due for a short, squalid future, but as a basic principle I was going to hold on to what there was of it. He hadn’t refused to answer yet. â€Å"It’s a long story,† he said at last. â€Å"We are nearly the same age. There are different ways of being what we are. Mine is one way. His is another. Mine, it turns out, has certain advantages. If others perhaps thought the implications through, some things might be different. Bo does not wish anyone to think those implications through. Destroying me is a way to erase the evidence. Plus that he does not care for me to have advantages no longer available to him.† This was interesting, and under other circumstances would have made me curious. Constantine couldn’t be very old – by vampire standards – only young vampires can go out in strong moonlight, like tonight. Middle-aged ones can go out when the moon is young or old enough. Later middle-aged ones can only go outdoors when there is no moon. Really old ones can’t be outdoors under the open sky at all, with any possibility of the dimmest reflected sunlight touching them. That was one of the reasons older ones began running gangs. If they survived to be old they’d also developed other powers. â€Å"He has another urgent reason, now. If he does not destroy me, he will lose control of his gang. Bo likes ruling. It is also necessary to him that he rule – to do with those advantages I possess and he does not. And while as the leader of his gang he is much more powerful than I am, alone, I am the stronger.† â€Å"And you don’t run a gang,† I said. â€Å"No.† I thought of saying, So, what now, do we hold hands and jump? How long a fall can a vampire walk away from? How high do we have to climb first? A mere almost-human pretty reliably goes splat after about four stories, I think. I was beginning to feel sorry that he’d come. No. I’d rather jump out a window and get it over with fast than fall into Bo’s clutches again. I was merely resisting the idea that jumping was my best choice. â€Å"I have thought of it a good deal, these last weeks,† he was saying, â€Å"for I knew what happened at the lake would not be the end. Not with Bo. I also know that singly you and I have no chance.† I do wish you’d stop saying that, I thought. â€Å"But together,† he continued, â€Å"we may have a chance. It is not a good chance, but it is a chance. I do not like it. You cannot like it. I do not understand what it is that you do, and have done. I am not sure we will be able to work together, even if we attempt it. Even if we are each other’s only chance.† He was sitting in the darkness beyond the moonlight, and I could not see his face. I could – a little – see movement as he spoke; vampires also speak by moving their mouths. But this conversation was a little too like talking to a figment of your own imagination. Your darkest, spookiest, most bottom-of-your-unconscious-where-the-monsters-lurk imagination. Even the shadow in the chair was half-imaginary. No it wasn’t. There’s really no mistaking the presence of a vampire in the room. â€Å"Will you help me?† he said. It is very peculiar being asked a life-or-death question in a tone of voice that has no tone in it. Emotionally speaking the response feels like it ought to be something like passing the salt or closing the door. You read "Sunshine Chapter 11" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Oh,† I said intelligently. â€Å"Ah – er. Well. Yes. Certainly. Since you put it so persuasively.† There was a pause, and then there was a brief noise that, mercifully also briefly, unhinged my spine. He had laughed. â€Å"Forgive my persuasiveness,† he said. â€Å"I would spare you if I could. I do not wish this any more than you do.† â€Å"No,† I said thoughtfully. â€Å"I don’t suppose you do.† If I’d been honest I suppose what I’d really wanted him to do was say, â€Å"Oh don’t worry about it. This is vampire business and I’ll take care of it.† Dream on. â€Å"So,† I said. I didn’t want to know, but I guessed I should make an effort. â€Å"What do we do now?† â€Å"We start,† he said, and paused. I recognized this as the middle of an unfinished sentence, and not one of his cryptic pronouncements, and waited. Then there was a funny breathing noise that I translated provisionally as a sigh. Vampires don’t breathe right, why should they sigh right? But maybe it means vampires can feel frustration. Noted. â€Å"We start by my trying to discover what assistance I can give you.† Somehow this didn’t sound like the usual movie-adventure sort of â€Å"I’ll keep you covered while you reload† assistance. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"We must face Bo at night. Your abilities would not get us past the guards that protect his days.† I didn’t even consider asking what those guards might be. â€Å"Humans are at great disadvantage at night. I think I may be able to grant you certain dispensations.† Dispensations. I liked that. Vampire as fairy godmother. Or godfather. Pity he couldn’t dispense me from getting killed. â€Å"You mean like being able to see in the dark or something.† â€Å"Yes. I mean exactly that.† â€Å"Oh.† If I could see in the dark I would never again have to trip over the threshold of the bathroom door on the way to have a pee at midnight. If I lived long enough to need to. â€Å"I will have to touch you,† he said. Okay, I told myself. He’s not going to forget himself and eat me because he comes a few feet closer. I thought of the second night in the ballroom: Sit a little distance from the corner – yes, nearer me. Remember that three feet more or less makes no difference to me: you might as well. And he’d carried me something like forty-five miles. And only about the first forty-two of them had been in daylight. And somehow pointing out that I now was in bed and wearing nothing but a nightgown and would like to get up and put some clothes on first, please, was worse than not mentioning my inappropriate-for-receiving-visitors state of undress. So I didn’t mention it. â€Å"Okay,† I said. That fluid, inhuman motion again, as he stood up and stepped toward me. I’d forgotten that too – forgotten how strange it is. How ominous. Too fluid for anything human. For anything alive. He sat down near me on the bed. The bed dipped, as if from ordinary human weight. I pulled my feet up and turned toward him, but I did it carelessly, more conscious of him than of anything else – which is to say, more carelessly than I had learned to move over the last two months, carelessly so that the gash on my breast didn’t just seep a little, but cracked open along its full length, as if it were being cut into me for the first time. I couldn’t help it: it hurt: I gave a little gasp. And he hissed. It was a terrifying noise, and I had slammed myself back into the pillows and headboard before I had a chance to think anything at all, to think that I couldn’t get away from him even if I wanted to, to think that he had declared us allies. To think that there might be any other reason for a sound like that one but that he was a vampire and I was alive and streaming with fresh blood. â€Å"Stop,† he said in what passed for his normal voice. â€Å"I offer you no harm. Tell me about the blood on your breast.† He didn’t linger on the word â€Å"blood.† I muttered, â€Å"It won’t heal. It’s been like this for two months.† He wasn’t as good at waiting as I was. â€Å"Go on,† he said immediately. I’d stopped shrugging in the last two months too: you can’t shrug without pulling at the skin below your collarbones. â€Å"I don’t know. It doesn’t heal. It seems to close over and then splits again. The doctor put stitches in it a couple of times, gave me stuff to put on it. Nothing works. It just splits open again. It’s a nuisance but I have been kind of learning to live with it. Like I had a choice. This is – er – worse than usual. Sorry. It’s only a shallow gash. You may – er – remember.† â€Å"I remember,† he said. â€Å"Show me.† I managed not to say, What? It took me a minute to gather my dignity as well as my courage, and my hands were shaking a little when I raised them to unbutton the top two buttons of my nightgown, and peel the edges back so he could see the bony space below my collarbones and above the swell of my bosom, where the blood now ran down in a thin ragged curtain from the wicked curved mouth of the long ugly slash. I barely flinched when he reached out a hand and touched the blood with his finger and†¦tasted it. Then I closed my eyes. â€Å"I offer you no harm,† he said again, gently. â€Å"Sunshine. Open your eyes.† I opened them. â€Å"The wound is poisoned,† he said. â€Å"It weakens you. It is very dangerous.† â€Å"It was for you,† I said, dreamily. I felt like one of those oracle priestesses out of some old myth: seized by some spirit not her own, a spirit that then speaks from her mouth. â€Å"They wanted to poison you.† â€Å"Yes,† he said. I thought, I have been so tired, these last two months. I have got used to that too. I have told myself it is just part of – having had what happened, happen. You do not get over something like that quickly. I had told myself that was all it was. I had almost believed it. I had believed it. The cut didn’t heal because it didn’t heal. Poisoned. Weakening me. Killing me is what he meant. Note that vampires can also be tactful. All those hours in the sunlight, baking the thing, the hostile presence on my body. I’d known it was hostile, although I hadn’t admitted it. I hadn’t taken the next step of thinking â€Å"poisoned.† Sunlight was my element; and so I turned to sunlight. And sunlight was the only thing that did any good, and it didn’t do enough. Because the wound was poisoned. That was out of some story where there would be an oracle priestess somewhere: the poisoned wound that did not heal. I’d already been wondering how I was going to get through the winter, when I couldn’t lie outdoors and bake some hours every week. Been learning not to think about wondering how I was going to get through the winter. He was silent, waiting for me to finish thinking. I looked at him: glint of green eyes in the moonlight. Don’t look in their eyes, I thought. Tiredly. This would have been a nasty shock to him too, of course. Finding out his ally is a goner. I was too tired to look at him. I was too tired for almost anything. Sometimes it is better not to know. Sometimes when you do know you just fold up. â€Å"Sunshine. I know a little about poisons. This is not something your human doctors can distill an antidote for.† This was even better than his repeating that neither of us had any chance against Bo. By dying I was going to ruin his chances too. It’s funny: I was actually sorry about this. Maybe I was a little delirious. Maybe too much had been happening lately. Maybe I was just very, very short of sleep. â€Å"There is something that can be done. Can be tried.† Pause. â€Å"It is not easy.† Oh, big surprise. Something wasn’t going to be easy. I tried to rouse myself, to react. I failed. â€Å"But can you trust me?† More happy news. Not just something to be done, but a vampire something. Which doubtless meant it would have more blood in it. I don’t like blood. I mean, I like it fine, inside, circulating, carrying oxygen and calories to all your stay-at-home cells, but slimy seeping pink hamburger gives me the whim-whams. Can you trust me, he said. Not will you. Can you. Good question. I thought about it. It will not be easy. Yes, okay, that was a given. I didn’t have to think about that. Can I trust him? What have I got to lose? What if his something is something I can’t bear? There are all sorts of things I can’t bear. I’m not brave to begin with, I’m very, very tired, I’m spongy with post-traumatic what have you, and I very nearly can’t bear what I did last night with a table knife. And I may be a homicidal maniac. â€Å"Yes,† I said. â€Å"Yes. I think so.† He didn’t exhale a long breath, as a human might have done, but he went motionless instead. It was a different kind of motionlessness than not moving. Having said yes I felt better. Less tired. Evidently still delirious, however, because I bent toward him, touched the back of his hand. â€Å"Okay?† I said. A little silence. â€Å"Okay,† he said. I had the sudden irreverent notion that he’d never said â€Å"okay† before. Spend time with humans and have all kinds of unusual experiences. Laughter. Slang. â€Å"It will not be tomorrow night,† he said. â€Å"Perhaps the night after.† â€Å"Okay,† I said. â€Å"See you.† â€Å"Sleep well,† he said. â€Å"Oh, sure, absolutely,† I said, trying for irony, but he was already gone. I left the window full open. I wanted as much of the fresh night air in the room with me as possible. There was a tiny chiming from one of the window charms. It was a curiously serene and hopeful noise. I must have looked pretty rough that morning too. It occurred to me that everybody at the coffeehouse was treating me like an invalid while trying to pretend they weren’t treating me like an invalid. I wanted to tell them that they were right, I was an invalid, that mark on my breast that only Mel knew was still there was poisoned, and I was dying. I didn’t say any of this. I said I was still short of sleep. Paulie turned up an hour before time that morning saying he didn’t have anything better to do, but I was pretty sure Mom had called him and asked if he could come in early. I think Mom had figured out that the charms she was giving me were going somewhere like into the Wreck’s glove compartment, so she had begun stashing them around the bakery where maybe I wouldn’t find them but they could still do me some good. Since my unwelcome speculations about dark family secrets the other night in Jesse’s office I had begun to wonder what all Mom’s charms were for, exactly. She’s always been something of a charm freak; I’d put it down to eight years in my dad’s world. I found two new ones that morning: a little curled-up animal of some sort with its paws over its eyes and a red bead where its navel should have been, and a shiny white disc that rainbows ran across if you held it up against the light. I left them where I found them. Maybe I should let them try to defend against whatever they could. I had some fellow-feeling for the small curled-up creature with its hands over its face, even if the red alien parasite was lower down on it than it was on me. Charms are often noisy, which is another reason I don’t like them much, but you aren’t going to hear extraneous buzzing and burbling above the general din at Charlie’s. Especially on shifts when I had to spend some time in the company of a genially humming apprentice. Mel was working that afternoon but Aimil had the day off from the library. She wandered back into the bakery with a cup of coffee toward the end of my stint, said she’d just found out about an old-books-and-junk sale in Redtree, which was one of the little towns between us and the next big city to the south, she was going to go, and did I want to come along? I should probably have gone home and taken a nap, but I didn’t want to. So I said yes. A nice little outing for the doomed. Furthermore Aimil talked about library politics the whole way there and didn’t once mention nocturnal neighborhood excitements. So by the time we arrived at the village square in Redtree I was in the mood. Ordinarily I love this kind of thing without any effort. Someone who does coffeehouse baking for a living doesn’t have huge amounts of disposable income, but the point about books-and-junk sales is that you never know what you may find for hilariously cheap. There are fewer people since the Wars than there had been before, and less money (don’t ask me how this works: you’d think if there were fewer people there would be more money to go around), so there is a lot less motive for dealers to discover specialist markets for old, beat-up, weird, or obscure-looking and possibly Other-related stuff. Plus a lot of people don’t want to think about old, beat-up, weird, obscure-looking, and possibly Other-related stuff because it reminds them of the Wars, or what life had been like before the Wars, i.e., better. The result is that a lot of very interesting nonjunk gets heaved into the nearest box for the next garage sale. Furthermore, almost nobody wants to read the gormless old fiction about the Others which is my fave. I picked up a copy of Sordid-Enchantments on the title alone, and the fourth, and most icky and rare, volume of the Dark Blood series, which I was no longer sure I wanted to read – the heroine has a choice to die horribly or become a vampire horribly, and she chooses to die. If I’d realized how gross it was going to get after the first volume I wouldn’t have bothered – but I’m a completist, I had the first three, and hey. I was feeling pretty good. In spite of last night. Or in an even funnier way, because of it. It was like I had two days out of time. Everything was on hold until†¦either the vampire-something worked, or it didn’t. Jesse and Theo had been at a table under the awning when Aimil and I left Charlie’s, and I’d nodded and kept going. I hoped nothing had come up they wanted to talk to me about. Nothing was allowed to come up for the next two days. I was on vacation in my own mind, cinnamon rolls at four a.m. or not. It must have been Paulie’s influence, but I was positively humming a tune – an old folk song about keeping a vampire talking till sunrise: not one of your brighter vampires – while I burrowed through a big sagging cardboard box of junk. Chipped china teacups. Dented tin trays. Small splintery wooden boxes with lids that no longer closed. A bottle opener shaped like a dragon with an extremely undershot lower jaw and pink glass eyes. Pink. The Dragon Anti-Defamation Society should hear about this. At the bottom, when I touched it, it fizzled right through me, like I’d put my arm in a cappuccino machine. I knew it had to be some kind of ward – nonwarding charms are kind of stickier – but a live ward shouldn’t be in the bottom of a box of cheap junk at a garage sale. Maybe it had fallen out of one of the splintery boxes. I hesitated, then picked it up to get a better look. Gingerly. It had now got my attention, so presumably it wouldn’t feel the need to scramble my arm like an egg again. I didn’t recognize the style or the design. It was an oval, not quite the length of the palm of my hand, with a slightly raised edge, the whole of it thick and heavy, like an old coin, before the mints got mean and started stamping out pennies that sometimes bent if you dropped them edgewise on a hard floor. It was silver, I thought, or plate; it was so tarnished I couldn’t make out clearly what was on it, except that something was. Three somethings: one each on top, middle, and bottom, rather like an old Egyptian glyph. The only thing I could say for sure was that they weren’t any of the standard Other-preventive sigils I knew of, nor the all-purpose circle-star-and-cross one. The most interesting thing was that it was live. Very live. Wards aren’t necessarily as master-specific as most charms, and if they aren’t actively in use they can molder quietly for a long time and still be capable of being wakened and doing some warding; but even one that’s been tuned to you specifically shouldn’t leap avidly out at you and wag its tail like a dog wanting to go for a walk. I could have put it back. I could have taken it to someone in charge and said â€Å"You’ve made a mistake. This one still works.† But I didn’t. It seemed to like lying there in my hand. Don’t be ridiculous, I thought. It’s not responding to me personally. As a soldier in the dented-tin-tray army they shouldn’t be expecting real money for it, but that could only be because they hadn’t noticed it was live. It was still worth a try. I took the two books and the tarnished ward to the suspicious-looking character at the card table with the rusty money box, who snatched them out of my hands as if he knew I was trying something on. But he was so preoccupied with whether or not he should sell me Altar of Darkness (in which it takes the heroine four hundred pages to die), which was certainly worth more than the seventeen blinks for two, which is what the sign on the drooping book table said, that he barely registered my little glyph. I’d done piously outraged innocence when he started haranguing me about Altar and a few of his other customers scowled at him and muttered about fairness. I won that round. So when he looked at the glyph and said â€Å"fifty blinks† I sniffed so he would know that I knew he was a brigan d and a bandit, and let it pass. He knew more about books. Even a dead ward made out of silver plate was worth more. A blink is a dollar, and has been since after the Wars, when our economy went to pieces, and the average paycheck disappeared in the blink of an eye. What was more interesting was that he’d touched the glyph and hadn’t said â€Å"Wow! That was like putting my hand in a cappuccino machine!† Aimil had been watching my performance with a straight face. â€Å"Well done,† she said, when we got back to the car. â€Å"Dark Blood Four as two for seventeen blinks! Zora will be mad with jealousy. Now what is that little thing?† I was balancing my glyph on the top of the books, and I watched as she picked it up. That Mr. Rusty Money Box hadn’t registered anything was one thing; if Aimil didn’t register either it was something else. She didn’t say anything about a feeling like having her funny bone hit with a hammer. â€Å"Hmm. It’s quite – appealing, isn’t it? Even all blackened like this.† â€Å"Appealing†? Maybe it had decided that making people’s hair stand on end wasn’t such a good way of making friends and influencing people. â€Å"Can you figure out any of what’s on it?† She frowned, turning it this way and that in the light. â€Å"No clue. Maybe after you get it polished.† Dessert shift that night was notable only for the number of people who wanted cherry tarts. They were catching on. Rats. I didn’t really like little electrical gadgets – most of the other so-called home bakeries in town used kneading machines, for example, which I thought beneath contempt – but there was no way I was going to be making cherry tarts without one. I’d already said I would only make individual tarts and customers had to order them with the main course to give me enough lead time. And they were still catching on. I didn’t want cherry tarts to turn into another Death of Marat. When I was first installed in my new bakery and messing around with the heady implications of Charlie’s having built it for me, I’d been having fun with puddings that look like one thing and you stick a fork in them and they become something else. A Gothic sensibility in the bakery is not necessarily a good thing. I’d made this light fluffy-look ing number in a white oval dish with high sides and presented the first one with a flourish to a group of regulars who had volunteered to be experimented on. Aimil was the one with the knife, and she stuck it in and the raspberry-and-black-currant filling had exploded down the side and over the edge of the dish onto the counter. It was, I admit, a trifle dramatic. â€Å"Gods, Sunshine, what is this, the Death of Marat?† she said. Aimil reads too much. Everybody at Charlie’s that night wanted a taste, and the Death of Marat, the first of Sunshine’s soon-to-be-notorious, implausibly named epic creations, was born, although I think most of our clientele thought Marat was some kind of master vampire. (Aimil is good at names. She’s responsible for Tweedle Dumplings and Glutton’s Grail and Buttermost Limit too.) The problem is that for months after I was getting constant requests for the damn thing, and light, fluffy puddings with heavy fillings are a br ute to make. Our long-time regulars still ask for it occasionally, but I’m older and meaner now and say â€Å"no† better. I will make it if I like you enough. Maybe. Well, the cherry season doesn’t last long around here; I’d be back to apple pie before Billy’d had time to miss doing the peeling. (Unless I found some other source of cheap child labor I might have to get an electric peeler in another year.) It was true that Charlie’s did almost everything from scratch and that anything that one of us wasn’t good at didn’t get done at all, but it was also true that our loyal customers were compelled to be biddable. If I decided I didn’t feel like doing cherry tarts outside of fresh cherry season they could like it or eat at Fast Burgers ‘R’ Us. When I got home I fished last night’s sheets and nightgown out of the tub where they’d been soaking the bloodstains out (just like the Death of Marat without Marat), hauled them downstairs, and stuffed them in the washing machine. If Yolande had noticed the amount of laundry I’d been doing in the last two months she never said anything. How to cite Sunshine Chapter 11, Essay examples

Jane Eyre The Victorian Feminist free essay sample

This paper provides a thorough literary analysis of the feminist themes in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre. This paper analyzes Charlotte Brontes novel Jane Eyre from a feminist aspect, illustrating the reflection of Victorian society in the literature of the time. The author includes a detailed look at female independence, strength and determination in the main character. The story of Jane Eyre is something of a fairy tale but for the outward appearance. The storys truth and harsh beauty and the devastation that its characters face set it apart from the typical princess story. The complexity of the story line and the characterization are a phenomenal development of the time. Raised during the repressed Victorian period in Britain , Charlotte Bronte focused most of her energy on her education and her literary career. Being a woman, she was scarcely able to voice her passions and strong opinions except through her writing, Bronte expresses a great deal of her own frustrations and concerns in her works. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre: The Victorian Feminist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jane Eyre is one such novel that incorporates many themes. While the main character faces issues of class distinction, a search for her identity and place in life, and a struggle between spirituality and the intellect, (which are all Victorian literary focuses) the most striking theme in the story is womens fight for equality. Janes character illustrates the emergence of feminism during the Victorian period through her interactions with the other characters, her choices, and her inner thoughts.

American Revolution Essay Example

American Revolution Essay Fearing the French gaining the per hand, the British not only tried to bribe the Iroquois to their side with goods, but also at tempted to create an international confederation, which they hoped would unify the colonies a ND provide a systematic and mutual defense system. As the Seven Yeas War began in America, one of the first British offensives w as an attack on Fort Duquesne by General Edward Bradford and his 2,200 men in 1 755. However, a coalition of French and Indian forces assaulted the British force, and after he ivy losses and the death of Bradford, the British forces retreated. With the retreat, Franchised Indians began attacking the borders Of the colonies, effectively halting both the war effort as well as expansion for three years. The French and Indians took both Fort Owes and Fort William m Henry, and with these gains, they now held a much better position over the British, both n Europe and America. However, the tides turned when the Iroquois began to fear that the French were getting too powerful, and they resigned from fighting, which also caused many of the other Indian tribes to stop and/ or switch sides. Also, William Pit became the leader of the military sect of the British cabinet. Pit rallied the colonists into fighting through offering to pay of r the war debt, which generated over 40,000 new soldiers. With fresh, new soldiers, the tide o f the battle turned, as the British took back their lost lands, and after driving the French out of the e colonies they captured Montreal in 1759. Don 2 These defeats forced the French to negotiate terms for land distribution in No Roth America. However, the French did try to launch a recapture, which failed miserably. We will write a custom essay sample on American Revolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on American Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on American Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Aft rewards, the British and French agreed that France was to give up all of the land east of the Mississippi to Britain. It was not only France and Britain in the talks, however, as Spain was also involved. A series of trades then began. Spain would take all lands west Of Louisiana from the French, and would give Britain control of Florida in exchange for Cuba. At the end of it all, both Britain and Spain had massive land holdings, and the French only had tiny spots of territory rye in the Caribbean and islands in North America. French subjects, who did not support their new British rulers, were forced out, and most of them went to Louisiana, and became Cajuns. 2. Imperial Revenues and Reorganization, 17601766 In the aftermath of the Seven Years War, the British sought a way to strength en and pay for their now much larger empire. The British government passed Acts, such a s the Stamp Act, to generate money. However, the colonists did not like these newfound taxes, and protested, sometimes violently. Throughout the war, there were tensions between British and Colonial troops , with each feeling that the other was somehow in the wrong. The British felt that the cool nail troops were unrecognized and ungrateful, and the Colonial troops felt the British were stuck k up. The British ere also angry that the colonists were free from paying the debts of the war, as the debt in England skyrocketed. However, because colonists were spending so much on British goods, the price of which had risen during wartime, they also fell into debt. With this cam e much suspicion of Britain purposely putting the colonists into this situation. These were not the e only tensions that arose after the war. Many Natives, fearing that the British would take their Ian d and enslave them, attacked British forts and raised an antibiotics sentiment. Pontiac Rebel lion, as it was now, was ultimately a failure, as the the British crushed them with help fro m smallpox and other factors. King George also proclaimed that all of the land west of the App Alsatians was now under royal rule, and that the Indians could either give them up to the British or leave. However, this Proclamation of 1763 angered the colonists in that it felt that the royal c rowan had suddenly taken all of their claims to the west, instead of giving them back to the colonies s. Finally, with this uprising came the governments decision to station 1 0,000 British troops n the new lands. This would cost a heavy amount of money, and Parliament wanted the colonic SST to help pay. This, combined with the colonists idea of the standing army in their lands, g eve way to more tensions between the colonists and the British government. To stop illegal trade with foreign nations, the British government allowed fort heir authorities in the colonies to apply a writ of assistance which allowed for the seizing of illegal goods (basically a search warrant). However, many colonists considered this d comment Don 3 unconstitutional as it did not require any evidence or suspicion, which mean t that anybody, at NY time, could be searched. Smugglers in Boston quickly reacted to this act, and appointed James Otis to argue against it. Otis argued that it was indeed unconstitutional, and thus that made the act void. However, Parliament ruled against Otis, and he lost the case. No nonetheless, this case brought forth a very important point; that the government had no power to in fringe the rights off man under the Constitution. The Sugar Act was passed in 1764 as another way to help raise money for the expenses of the war. The Sugar Act presented a tax on all molasses and sugar entering t he colonies from the West Indies. However, with the Navigation Acts already in play, the colonic TTS still decided to import the cheap molasses from the French. Even though Parliament knew the is, they did not immediately take action. The Sugar Act was also very complicated in its ways. First of all, it basically stated that any good that went through Britain first could then be shih peed to other countries, which effectively voided the Navigation Acts. Parliament saw this as beneficial to Britain, as they believed it would bring in more trading out of British ports rat her than say French ports. Also, because there were newfound requirements, such as a m altitude of papers and forms that a captain had to fill out, many ships could be searched due to a technical error, not necessarily for the captain doing anything wrong. Because the Sugar Act was enforced so heavily, many ships were searched. In the end, Parliament lowered the tax to I sees than a penny, which helped to deter some smugglers. The impact of the Stamp Act was that many colonists were now aware of the growing number of policies and bills pushed onto the m by Parliament. Although the Sugar Act did raise some revenue, Britain was still in massive De bet. So, to try to relieve more debt they passed the Stamp Act in 1765. The Stamp Act WA s an act that required any colonists who wanted to create or sign a document (newspaper, licenses, buying land etc. ) to buy a stamped paper. The Stamp Act immediately had a much liar egger impact on the colonists as compared to the Sugar Act, as it applied to almost all of the colonic SST, instead of just merchants and traders. William Pit argued that Parliament couldnt tax British h subjects who did not have representation in Parliament. George Greenville, the British Prime Mi mister, agreed, but also stated that they had Virtual representation in Parliament, and thus cool d be taxed. Colonists agreed that this act infringed on their political autonomy. Obviously Parliament and the colonists had different ideas about the sloganeering of the colonies. Note heelless, the Stamp Act caused much backlash within the colonies. Many colonists had similar opinions on the Stamp Act. The majority of colonic TTS were upset by the tax itself, and the trivial idea of Virtual representation. Patrick H energy, a lawyer out of Virginia, sparked more support against this act. Henry requested that the Vi ragging House of Burgesses to deny parliaments taxation Of the colonies through a series Of w ell worded resolutions. Henry drafted some of these resolutions, and passed them to Par lineament, but he did Don 4 not have much success. Parliament was unimpressed and somewhat offended d by Henrys strong language towards them. However, to the everyday man not involved in politic s, Henrys resolutions sounded very strong. In Boston, where common people were in a poor situation, these resolutions brought forth a revolutionary fire. Many of the citizens of Boo stone had seen dramatic decrease in profits and overall wealth, due to numerous factors. So me of these factors were taxes, like the Navigation and Sugar Acts, as well as the loss of industry t other colonies. Bostonians heavily, and sometimes violently, resisted the Stamp Act. Through out the colonies, groups of men, known as the Sons of Liberty formed to help foster more pr tests, although they did keep the protests from getting too violent. In 1765 some colonial rep restoratives met at the Stamp Act Congress, to discuss the authority of Parliament over the colonic sees. They agreed that Parliament did lack authority to tax the colonies. As riots continued, royal agents as well as stamp distributors were rejecting to do their jobs. Colonial elites, fearing a ever y violent outcome, ride to restore businesses and local trade to how it was. Many colonists tried to force the Stamp Act to be repealed, as was seen in New York, where merchants decided to not buy any British goods. These boycotts and riots caused panic in Britain. In Parliament, the prime minister was reluctant to repeal the law because so many of the British elites were furious at the colonists refusal. Parliament attempted to s WAP out the Stamp Act for a Declaratory Act, which stated that Parliament could in fact legislate f or the colonies. In Parliaments eyes, this was an affirmation of their power over the colonies. Ho waver, the colonists interpreted this Declaratory Act as that similar to Ireland, where the y could be exempt of taxes. However, Parliament argued that it should not be taken so literally. I n the end, most colonists were simply happier at the repellent of the Stamp Act than the pa sing of the Declaratory Act. In the wake of the chaos caused by the Stamp Act, many colonists began to q question the authority of Parliament. Because of the common mans involvement in govern meet affairs during the Stamp Act, many of these common people began to actually pay at attention to the government. The writings of En lightened thinkers, such as John Locke, and the ideas in his writings, became more common and widespread throughout the colonies. A g roof called the opposition sits arose, who questioned the motives of Parliament, and argued t hat they did not adequately embody the ideals of government. The combination of Enlighten meet ideas as well as the hatred of the British helped to spread antibiotics feelings around the cool nines. Samuel Adams combined the ideas of republicanism with religion, which bolstered his following. Puritan Church leaders cried for God and liberty which further boosted the message f revolution. With almost every colonist surrounded by these constant ideas about the Tara any of the British, it was hard not to be sucked into the revolutionary feel. Don 5 3. Resistance Resumes, 17661770 As the resistance to the Stamp Act died down after its repeal, more problems were instigated by other acts. For example, the Quartering Act required the colonies s to pay for housing and goods for soldiers. Because the colonial assemblies had agreed that only they could create unreasoning ventures, this act furthered the idea of Britains tyranny, as Bruit main was forcing another act upon the colonies. New York in particular boycotted this act, but P reliant was swift to pass the New York Suspending Act, which said that New York would n to be able to pass laws. Although New York did come to terms with the Quartering Act, it shows d that British officials were becoming much more stern in how they would enforce these AC TTS. Britains problems with taxes and debt posed problems for the colonies too. B cause Britain still wanted to raise more money to soothe their debt, they tried once more to take advantage of the colonies demands. Parliament passed the Revenue Act in 17 67 which taxed the imported goods to the colonies. Earlier, the colonists were more concerned a bout direct internal taxes, but had not stated much regarding import taxes. The colonists saw this Act as similar to the Stamp Act in that it acted simply as a way to increase prices to get more m none. However, the main point of the Revenue Act was a way to pay for royal officials in the co Monies, so that they would be exempt of the colonial assemblies power. This would then tip t he balance of power from the colonial assemblies to the relationships officials. At first, the colonists had little resistance to this act, until John Dickinson wrote e a number f points saying why it was unjust. He stated that it was unjust to tax something nag simply to make revenue. Following Dickinson writings, James Otis urged the Massachusetts c nuncio to oppose the Revenue Act. The resolutions were drafted by Samuel Adams, and stated t hat taxation without representation was unjust and that there was a threat to sloganeer once by the independence of royal officials. This was then passed to the Virginia assembly , which also agreed to the points. However, a new British official, Lord Hillsboro, was a appointed to get the assemblies to destroy the letter. This backfired, as many of the other cool sees assemblies took up the letter as a sign of protest against Hillsboro. To get Parliament to repeal the Revenue Act, Bostonians once again boycotted, this time against importation. As this non importation agreement? spread, more and more people backed the repeal NT of the Revenue Act. The Sons of Liberty also resumed in their efforts. Ultimately the boycott o f imports pushed colonists to resist more and more British policies. Merchants and traders in Britain were very upset with the American boycotts, as around 40 percent of their exports to America were effectively nullified. Now that Poe pale in England ere affected, a movement against the policies Of King George arose, and was led by John Don 6 Wilkes. Wilkes wrote his newspaper which shamed and defaced King Georges policies, and multiple warrants went out for his arrest. Wilkes fled England, but when he re turned, he ran for Parliament. After a series of escapes from the King, Wilkes was elected to Partial amend but then arrested. People in America, after hearing what he did, raised money to pay f or his debts. He became famous in America for his defense of liberty. As the colonists upheld their policy of non importation, white women and thee r role in society began to change. Because the number of white women in churches o outnumbered the men, the Church was a great area for women to gather spread ideas. Women also s purported their husbands in their endeavors, such as boycotting drinking tea. Women enforce d the boycotts of the colonists within their own households, which helped the spread of these ideas. When the colonists began to boycott English clothing, women took charge to make their own clothing, with one example being that they organized spinning bees. It was evident that the us port of women behind men really bolstered the feeling of resistance within the colonies. Apart from the Revenue Acts, the British Parliament also sought to further Neff Orca the Navigation Acts. Parliament passed an act that allowed for more customs office ills along the docks, and these officials, along with informers, were given quite a bit of pop err over the merchants. Because these port officials could simply search and seize any s hip, many merchants, who were trying to boycott English goods, found it hard to smuggle e any foreign goods in. Merchants looked down upon these informers and commissioners, as they received heavy fines if they were caught smuggling. In Boston, merchants rebelled gaga SST these commissioners after John Hammocks ship was searched. 4. The Deepening crisis, 17701774 Hammocks backlash against the Acts provoked a worse response from Britain. Later on, Britain sent 4,000 troops to occupy Boston, and the citizens frowned at their a arrival. Bostonians now did not feel independent, rather like prisoners of war. Soldiers looked do win upon the citizens, and vice versa. Tensions grew between the two sides, and at one poi NT a child was shot by a customs informer. This escalated tensions to the point of the Boston Mass sacred, where Crisps Attacks led a group to protest at the customs office. Attacks and four other people died after the guards fired upon the crowd. Afterwards, the guards who had killed the citizens only received a slight punishment. The colonists began fabricating ideas that the the e British government would begin to suppress their freedom through brute force. With a change Of prime ministers, Britain tried to ease tensions with the colon sits a bit more. The new prime minister, Lord North, offered to repeal most of the Tow unshed Acts, but Don 7 would keep the tea tax. The colonists, however, still boycotted the tea. Partial meet decided to pep the tax on tea despite the continual resistance of the colonies. To try to fund the paychecks Of the relationships ambassadors, parliament t decided to fund them through the money made off customs. The colonists knew that have ins independent governors was not beneficial for their own internal governments, which is who y they created committees of correspondence which exchanged information regarding cool animal rights with one another.

How to Structure a Presentation on Online Education

How to Structure a Presentation on Online Education Creating a presentation on online education is a task that requires an in depth understanding of your subject matter, as well as the audience your presentation is aimed at. To understand your subject matter, extensive reading and an ability to use available statistics on e-learning to make inferences is very important. I also believe that an understanding of how to use graphs, infographics and charts within a presentation is a necessary knowledge needed to structure a presentation on online education due to the numerous data that makes up this subject matter. Unless, you are Steve Jobs talking about Apples new product, your presentation will have a limited time frame and it is important you have a structure that keeps your audience focused on your discussions on online education. So it is imperative to structure the presentation to fit into a 30 minute frame while touching all your salient points and this is how to achieve this. Map Out a Concise Introduction Your introduction should focus on online education, the importance of e-learning around why it should be discussed or considered as a viable solution to the problems with traditional places of education. The introduction phase should not exceed more than 5 minutes of your allotted presentation time and it shouldnt take more than the first two pages of your presentation if using PowerPoint slide. Enrich the Presentation with Graphics When talking about online education and its impact, 30 minutes isnt enough time to touch on all areas of your subject matter. Here, the use of infographics, charts and will pass your message across in record time. This will also give you the extra time needed to talk more about your position on online education. The main body of your presentation should be structured in such a way that it raises a question or states a fact and the preceding sections should focus on answering the questions raised   or arguing intelligently on the meaning of the presented facts. The presentation time for the main body shouldnt exceed 25 minutes so you do not lose your audience. Conclusions Should Be Brief Once you have intelligently answered the questions raised, ensure you conclude by stating why the presentation was necessary and clarify or restate your findings. The conclusion shouldnt take more than 3 to 5 minutes and has to contained in a single sheet. These are the steps to consider when creating a presentation on online education in other to present your facts in a structured manner that will keep your audience focused throughout its duration. If you haven’t already, check out these 10 facts for presentation on online education, as well as our 20 selected subtopics and a sample essay.

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

None - Essay Example While these technologies bring many advantages to us, they also create responsibilities and opportunities of misuse. Therefore a code of ethics which guide IT related professionals becomes necessary to maintain a level of professionalism which does not interfere with the actual performance of duties. In this regard, the code of ethics given by AITP (2007) is quite beautiful since it is one of the more concise codes of ethics that I have seen and it manages to cover nearly all aspects of ethics which an IT professional may have issues with. The compact nature and the concise approach taken by the code of ethics is the primary strength of the document since it is little more than one page in length yet it covers areas such as obligation to the employer, the country, society and to the profession it self. However, the brevity of the code certainly brings about its own weakness since the code is not as detailed as the ANA nursing code of ethics of other ethical codes which have chapters upon chapters and articles within articles. The AITP (2007) code of ethics guides the professional conduct of individuals by having the individual acknowledge that s/he has a set of responsibilities towards various stakeholders and these responsibilities need to be discharged with diligence and with a sense of duty. The code of ethics does not tell the professional what to do in situations where ethics can be brought into question yet it does guide the professional towards seeking sources of information such as the code of ethics used by the employer with whom the professional is employed at the moment. Such a code of ethics can be applied very simply in professional life since it shows me that as a networking professional I will be responsible to uphold quite a few trusts that will be placed within me as a professional. These include the trust of my employers, my fellow colleagues, my

English Lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English Lit - Essay Example The absence of any kind of fundamental economic, social or political rights, like right to property, freedom of speech and expression, right to vote or even the right to seek justice was the bane of the nineteenth and twentieth century woman. These social ills are reflected in the lives of these two women as they struggle to give sound to the incessant chatter of the inner voice throughout the novels. In the post-war world, when everything and everyone was coming to terms with the trauma of new beginnings; the emergence of a new genre of writing in English signaled the onset of yet another revolution. Writers like Kate Chopin and her women characters were a living example of a colonized race that sought redemption by a deviation from reality, thus, pushing them further into the maws of self-doubt and loathing; furthering them still from the ‘freedom’ of their being. Books like The Awakening portrayed the psychological journey of its female protagonist Edna Pontellier; pre-empting and skillfully projecting the image of the ‘war-torn’ inner self of an American woman in the wake of a new century. Another novel of tangential equivalence in terms of character-depiction is Vile Bodies by Evelyn Waugh. The female protagonist in this novel Nina Blount is, among the other characters, a depiction of the loss of objective and purpose and the epitome of portrayal of the war-cradled ‘lost generation’. Interestingly, despite having non-intersecting personalities, the women characters in these novels like Nina, Agatha, Edna achieve a ‘vile’ and ‘ridiculous’ status of living because of their loose social conventions. The fallen angels like Chastity are the effeminate-degenerate as they break free from moral restraint, so cleverly put across in the lines â€Å"Chastity didn’t feel well, Mrs. Ape. She went below† (VB, 8). The so-called

Framing News on Foreign Countries: Media Interests

Framing News on Foreign Countries: Media Interests Framing news on foreign countries: Media Interests and Motivations. Analyzing 10 yrs of US and UK newspaper editorials on Venezuela. 1)INTRODUCTION Media organizations are essential in international affairs in terms of their important role in providing information to the public.[3] The question has often been whether the Media frames news in the context of the national interest of the host country, for example. Whether they reflect official position without challenging them or rather influence national interest objectives by putting pressure on politicians. The Medias interest and other motivating factors are essential for understanding how editorials for instance are framed. Lacking in the study of Media framing is the application to bilateral relations. This study would attempt to add that dimension to the numerous researches on the Media in international affairs. It would analyze editorials by four prominent newspapers in the United States and the United Kingdom on issues concerning Venezuela. The aim is to find the likely motivating factors when it comes to framing news on foreign countries For many countries the media represents an important window to the international world. Patched knowledge on foreign issues would be close to a reality without a source of information about what happens elsewhere in the world, made available by the media. In democratic countries in particular, the reliance on the media for foreign news might be as important as the quest for local news. Images of foreign countries, issues and happenings in a particular country abroad are likely to be influenced by the media to a much larger scale when impressions are created of a healthy or strained bi-lateral relations, for instance. Due to factors such as cultural assumptions and political beliefs, it is believed that news carves out images and impressions of the world some of which are preferred over other images.[4] The media, both electronic and print are a major component of the democratic processes in several countries. The media has often been referred to, in many countries, as an important branch of the government with roles from functioning as the main political informant'[7] There has been several publications on issues of Media and Government relations by several authors. For instance, in the scope of international relations and communications, there have been books published on the issue of how the media works in or out of line with foreign policy or the national interest. The debate has been whether or not the media is likely to support the national interest of the country in which it operates in relation to other countries(as the theory of Manufacturing Consent depicts)[9]. Either option makes foreign events relevant to the media. On the whole the media is believed to reflect social consensus.[15] There may be variations in the nature of the Media depending on the region or country of operation. A media in a democratic country may be freer than those in a non-democratic country so news coverage, media culture and ethics could vary. In this study, a section of the Media in two democratic countries would be analyzed in terms of their positions on issues in a third country(Venezuela). What would be of interest to this study, as mention earlier, would be the factors that would be most highlighted in the accounts of these editorials. It may bring about issues of objectivity and latent Media interests or the interests of the consumers of the news content. In the US for example, the Media is often said to domesticate foreign news. The themes represented in news in the US are those which often have some relevance to American interests.[17] Thus, how the media frames news is largely important for understanding the positions they yield to and their response to certain foreign events. In issues of national interest and in relation to bilateral relations, it would be important to know how the media in different countries frame news on events in countries abroad. 2) LITERATURE REVIEW NEWS FRAMING Entman, (1993) suggests that the concept of framing could be studied as a feature of a political discourse or as an instrument applied by the Media in making news.[19] And by extension, Media analysis or news analysis would deserve a look at the concept of news framing. Framing is, the process by which a communication source constructs and defines a social or political issue for its audienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.[23] Framing theory is also applicable to Media analysis. Media frames as explained by Entman (1991: 7), are attributes of news itself.[24] In a broad sense, frames are regarded as persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, and as selection, emphasis, and exclusion, by which symbol handlers routinely organize discourse, whether verbal or visual.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.[27] Tuchman showed how framing as a process theory works. And that the routine procedures used by newsmakers, direct news frames in a particular way. She argues that these procedures continually help showcase certain places and ideas, while consistently closing off and blocking inquiry into others.[29] Entman (1993: 52) helped refine the scope of the definition given to news framing. He established that by the definition of news frame, frames could be seen as a process that defines problems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" determine what a causal agent is doing with what costs and benefits, usually measured in terms of common cultural values; diagnose causes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" identify the forces creating the problem; make moral judgments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" evaluate causal agents and their effects; and suggest remedies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" offer and justify treatments for the problems and predict their likely effects.[30] Entman, (1991:7) also showed that frames used by the media are often captured in the keywords, metaphors, concepts, symbols and visual images in news narratives. He stresses the point that one way is which news framing works is through repetition which is important for Media news framing because news narratives, usually dependent on frames, are meant to direct attention to certain ideas, while excluding certain other ideas.[33] It has also been established that Framing involves processes of inclusion and exclusion as well as emphasis.'[38] Framing also has the ability to make consumers of news accept and adopt some symbolic themes and values.[39] While the process of selectively and emphasis is carried out by the newsmakers, those for whom a particular news is meant, are also likely to be predisposed to understanding and interpreting information in a selective way. Framing has also been explained to be the process of placing information into a context of preconscious symbolism. [43] The framing process employed by the Media is regarded as key to shaping both the publics and decision-makers knowledge, image and understanding of the world.[49]. Perhaps a perfect definition of the concept of framing in relation to the print media is the fact that, a frame is a central organizing idea or story line that provides meaning to an unfolding strip of events, weaving a connection among them. The frame suggests what the controversy is about and the essence of the issue'[53] One of the significant areas in relation to framing of news and Media positioning is Foreign Policy. Assessments of the response of the media to foreign issues is largely based on a critical analysis of how the media operates or how a particular section of the media churns out news or editorials, for example the position that major newspapers take on certain foreign issues. In a way how it sets the agenda for government or public reactions. Both agenda setting and framing have been identified in news framing literature as ways in which the media can influence policy making and public opinion.[57] There has been some convergence on how framing analysis can be carried out, according to the literature. Two approaches of framing analysis has evolved over the years. The Inductive approach and the Deductive approach. The latter has been proven more scientific than the former. The Deductive approach organizes the framing analysis based on pre-outlined broader frames.[59] There has also been an attempt by some authors to group frames along certain distinctions. Frames could be grouped under issue-specific frames which deal with particular issues in detail and generic frames which cover broader themes found in different settings.[61] One issue raised by some authors on framing is how the Media treat sources. When elite sources to news are relied on by journalists for example, they may in a way be a channel for promoting the views and opinions of the political order or the elites to the larger audience[63] Most of the literature also agree that the location of a news story gives it much weight in terms of the perceived influence on the newspapers readership and how important the issues are to them. It also demonstrates the importance the media attaches to that particular issue or event.[67] In all, Media scholars have studied Framing theory as either theories of Effects and Process. By Framing as effects theory, media scholars have studied the influence that news frames have on audiences while studies on framing as a process theory have addressed how news content is created and modified in certain ways considering the factors that influence the carving of news in a particular way. [68] . Although the framing of news is important to the coverage given to events and issues, there are other elements or factors that influence the framing of news in itself have to be identified.[72] This study would turn the spot light on the wide array of all the other factors that may help explain why news is framed in a particular way. As pointed out earlier, some literature on the Media have suggested that the sources that the Media relies go an extent to make the news themselves. In other words, Organizations with more resources, or that have more credibility in the eyes of journalists, are more likely to become regular news sources, and thus shape which issues (agenda-setting) and which perspectives (frames) dominate the news.[74] Some Media scholars are of the opinion that the ideal state of Media Objectivity is far fetched. Some are of the view that there is no fundamentally non-ideological, apolitical, non-partisan news gathering and reporting system. Since there may be dispute over objectivity and news without bias, the concept of framing becomes important to analyzing the frames used in making news.[77] While journalists may dispute these assertions, it is believed that news content is not an objective entity, independent of political, social, ideological or sociopsychological influences than mere information.[80] As stated before, the Media often depicts the Governments position in respect to interests and issues especially in relation to other countries. There has been the suggestion that the Medias position is based on national values, national interest and cultural values of their host countries.[82] The Media is likely to succumb to the views of governments because the latters position on issues is seen as an overriding common good transcending the specific interests of parties, factions, and other entities smaller than the nation as a whole.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[84] The problem with the concept of framing is that it lacks clear conceptual definitions and a comprehensive statement to guide research.[85] Yet these challenges would make it important for more research into factors that influence news framing. The extent to which consumers of news perceive foreign leaders in either a positive or negative light is dependent on how framing is carried out.[86] The latter point might be important to understand how the reading-public of the four sampled newspapers are likely to perceive the leadership in Venezuela. Most of the research done on news framing have largely gone in the way of foreign policy research. A few have looked at news framing in relation to another country with a lengthy time range while Media response and framing on various issues are measured and analyzed. The study hopes to add to the already existing research on news framing in this regard. 3) Proposed Research Questions Research Question 1 :What is the tone of coverage on Venezuela in U.S. and U.K. editorials? Do the two groups of newspapers differ in tone? Research Question 2: Which frames dominated in the overall coverage and was there a significant difference between the two countries in terms of the frames used? Research Question 3: Which issues dominated the overall coverage country-wise? Research Question 3: Do positions on issues covered reflect National Interest of the two countries? Research Question 4: Do these editorials rely on government sources in arriving at opinions and conclusions? Research Question 5: Which issues are most prominent in all the coverage? Research Question 6: Do the editorials lean towards a kind of political or economic ideology? 4) VARIABLES The variables for this study would be the following 1 Independent -Tone of coverage and framing in UK editorials -Tone of coverage and framing in US editorials -Most highlighted issues 2 Dependent -The interests of the UK(economic, political, other) -The interests of the US (economic, political, other) -The ideology of the paper 5) Proposed Research Hypothesis 1 There is no difference in tone between the two groups of newspapers. 2 The level of interest given to highlighted issues between the two groups of newspapers will be the same? 3 Positioning and framing of news will depend on the interests of the host nation of the newspapers. 4 Positioning and framing of news will depend on the ideology of the host nation of the newspapers. 5 UK newspaper editorials are likely to be less critical of Venezuela because of better bi- lateral relations. 6 US newspaper editorials are likely to be more critical of Venezuela because of worse bi-lateral relations. 6) METHODOLOGY Method The study on these editorials would be carried out using quantitative content analysis to assess qualitative data published by the four newspapers. Content analysis is defined as a research technique that involves measuring a content( in this case, news frames) in a random sampling of some form of communication( in this case, editorials). The basic assumption implicit in content analysis is that an investigation of messages and communication will allow some insight into the people who receive these messages'[87]. However the use of content analysis in this study would be to capture the frames used in the sampled editorials and what informs interests in issues and not what the consumers of such news perceive or how they react to these messages. One advantage of content analysis is that unlike other research methods where the researcher can easily influence the outcome of the research, it offers mediated communication to be rather studied rather than the behavior of people which may be difficult to analyze. Additionally it provides numbers and figures which can be quantified to secure likely viable assessments.[88] Admittedly, the use content analysis technique also brings to the fore issues concerning the representativeness of the samples used, the adequate definition of issues, difficulties with measuring units to be analyzed and coder reliability issues.[89] A conversion of coded values into quantitative statistical data would be made after the content analysis. Population The population of this study would be all editorials on Venezuela within the ten year period by high circulating newspapers in the US and the UK. The assumption is that editorials from newspapers with a relatively high number of circulations, may have been read by a significant number of people or may have reached a wider audience or a politically responsive section of the public. The study would not be concerned with gauging public reactions but in the frames used themselves. Yet high circulation newspapers offer a good basis for selection in the sample. Sample The type of sampling used in selecting editorials is Criterion Sampling .Editorials which will make up the sample are those with references made to the words VENEZUELA and HUGO CHAVEZ and political and economic issues related to these terms. A retrieval of the editorials from the search engine LEXIS-NEXIS has already been carried out using the following terms: VENEZUELA, HUGO CHAVEZ and EDITORIAL for the US newspaper database. For the LEXIS NEXIS -UK database, editorials were retrieved using the search terms VENEZUELA, HUGO CHAVEZ and LEADING ARTICLE. Editorials not focusing on these issues or not focusing on issues of political relevance were dropped from the sample ,for example those focusing on say sports or those with the mere mention of these terms with no relation to relevant issues discussed. US Newspapers From an earlier assessment of the account of data on newspaper circulations by the Audit Bureau of Circulations in both the USA and the UK, the highest circulating newspaper over the 10 year period was USA TODAY with the most circulations for the said period. The WALL STREET JOURNAL (WSJ) came second with the most circulations over the period. The WSJ will however be discounted because of its orientation mostly to financial news and events. The research would be limited to newspapers which mostly deal with political news and also focuses on foreign political news in its content or publications. With these criteria, the third major political newspapers which polled the third highest number of circulations over the 10 year period was the NEW YORK TIMES (NYT). Thus editorials from the USA TODAY and the NYT will be used in the content analysis. UK Newspapers The selection criteria for the two highest Circulating newspapers in the UK however differ slightly from the basis on which the newspapers from the US were selected. THE DAILY TELEGRAPH and THE TIMES newspapers would be used in this study. The two newspapers averagely rank 4th and 7th in terms of circulation data according to the Audit Bureau from January 2000 to 2009. The two newspapers which ranked as the two highest-circulating newspapers for the 10 year period in the UK were THE SUN and DAILY MAIL. The two come under the category of Tabloid Newspapers and are not considered serious political newspapers. The two will not be the focus of this study. The DAILY MIRROR, DAILY STAR, and the DAILY EXPRESS ranked 3rd, 5th and 6th respectively. This study will focus on those newspapers which come under those usually termed newspapers-of- record or those which practice serious journalism. Of the newspapers under this category,THE GUARDIAN and THE TIMES had averagely, the highest number of circulations during the 10 year period discounting those newspapers which fall under the tabloid category. A percentage breakdown of the editorials from each newspaper is found below. The four newspapers had on average a significant circulation tally during the specified period namely from (January) 2000 to (December) 2009. Why Venezuela? Venezuela offers a good to chance to study the politics behind the news. Various perceived interests are involved in relation to the US, UK and Venezuela. The controversies have been over the stifling of democracy and civil rights, the abuse of power by President Chavez, issues over the supply of oil and what it means for the two western countries to have the economy of Venezuela in a bad shape. These factors make Venezuela a good choice and would it possible to analyze Media positioning on these issues in response to a relevant third country while factoring in bi-lateral relations. Time Period The choice of long time duration will allow for significant content analysis to be done on the editorials. Since this research would also assess government statements and positions on the issues arising from Venezuela, the time period which saw the BUSH and BLAIR administration for most of the period would offer an opportunity to compare the US and UK government responses and attitudes towards Venezuelan issues with hopefully little variation in policy change. The reasoning is that an unchanged administration or party in power is likely to have the same attitudes or reactions to foreign issues from a particular country than when the administration changes over a period of time, barring any major shift in interests and policy towards Venezuela by either country during the time period. The study will take all these changes into account in the final analysis, including the editorial responses and positioning on these issues. Coding Units Editorials will be the focal point for the coding procedures. Editorials are a good basis for this study because they often represent the view or position of the newspaper. Op-Eds and editorials with Bylines (those written by individuals and credited with names) have been excluded from the sample. The focus was to look out for editorials which have been written by the editorial board of the various newspapers and would represent a justifiable opinion or position of the newspaper itself rather than the views of individual writers. Coding Procedure The source for the editorials is the academic search engine; LEXIS-NEXIS (which stores electronic copies of newspaper articles and editorials including those that this study would be focused on). Pre-testing 4 independent coders would be used to code each editorial article according to frames created from a Pre-test which has already been carried out on two other newspapers. A pretest on The Washington Post and The Guardian newspapers has been carried out to source for appropriate categories of frames to be used in the final coding of the 141 editorials. In addition, coders could add extra categories of frames to the basic list during coding to update the original codebook. 24 editorials from the Washington Post and 54 editorials from The Guardian newspapers were retrieved with the same search words as the main sample. They all fit the same criteria. 25% of each newspapers editorial would be used in the Pre-test. The selection was done randomly. In all 19 editorials would be used for the Pre-test. Framing Variables Frames(meant for pre-test and to be modified). the problem frames, 1-the diagnostic frames( these coverage would identify a problem and assign a responsibility to someone or some other reason) 2-the prognostic frames.( here the study seeks to find an editorials solution to particular problems) the presentation frames, 1-the issue frame ( coverage on issues such as economy, oil etc) 3-the image frame.( portraying leadership, attitudes, affiliation of subjects) General tone (is the editorial positive(supportive) or negative(condemnatory))? Coder Reliability An intercoder reliability would predict the amount of agreement or correspondence among the 4 coders. Intercoder Reliability is the extent to which the different judges tend to assign exactly the same rating to each object.[90] The Intercoder reliability would be checked for the Pre-test and the main test. The formula to be used is Holstis (1969) formula. Coder agreement on each unit of analysis( i.e frames) would be calculated. Preliminary Coding Sheet for Newspaper Editorial Content Analysis(To be amended). Technical Data: Editorial Number= give in full Paper: 1= USA; 2= NY Times; 3= Daily Telegraph; 4=The Times Date: given in full Title of Editorial: given in full Page: page on which the editorial is written. Location( section of newspaper) 1= Editorials and Opinions; 2= Features; 3=Non Stated 99= other Length of words= please indicate number Is a source cited?: 1= Yes; 2= No; 99= other Source cited: please indicate Country Mentioned in affiliation to venezuela: please indicate Country Location(continent): 1= Africa 2=Antarctia 3=Asia 4 =Australia 5= Europe 6=North America 7=South America Issues linked to country referred to: please indicate Themes in the News: Theme of the editorial: 1 =Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the world 2 =Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the US 3 =Concerns of economic and political life of Venezuelans being grim 4 =Concerns over oil supply and price hikes 5 =Championing support for Chavez and policies 6 =Denouncing Chavez 7 =A critique of white house intervention in Venezuelan matters 8 =Concerns over Venezuelan influence in Latin America 9 =Need to counter Chavez influence over other states 10 =That socialist economies are often a disaster 11 =Concerns over human rights abuse 12 =Concerns over Media abuse 13 =Need to have effective policies to deal with Venezuela 14 =Supporting regime change 15 =Denouncing regime change Secondary Themes: 1= Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the world 2 =Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the US 3 =Concerns of economic and political life of Venezuelans being grim 4 =Concerns over oil supply and price hikes 5 =Championing support for Chavez and policies 6 =Denouncing Chavez 7 =A critique of white house intervention in Venezuelan matters 8 =Concerns over Venezuelan influence in Latin America 9 =Need to counter Chavez influence over other states 10 =That socialist economies are often a disaster 11 =Concerns over human rights abuse 12 =Concerns over Media abuse 13 =Need to have effective policies to deal with Venezuela 14 =Supporting regime change 15 =Denouncing regime change Tertiary Themes: 1 =Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the world 2 =Concerns over Venezuelan crises impacting the US 3 =Concerns of economic and political life of Venezuelans being grim 4 =Concerns over oil supply and price hikes 5 =Championing support for Chavez and policies 6 =Denouncing Chavez 7 =A critique of white house intervention in Venezuelan matters 8 =Concerns over Venezuelan influence in Latin America 9 =Need to counter Chavez influence over other states 10 =That socialist economies are often a disaster 11 =Concerns over human rights abuse 12 =Concerns over Media abuse 13 =Need to have effective policies to deal with Venezuela 14 =Supporting regime change 15 =Denouncing regime change Other Themes?: Please state Orientation of Editorial: 1= event-oriented 2= issue-oriented Framing of the Editorial: (A) References To Sources Domestic Sources( in US or UK) : please indicate International Sources(in Venezuela) : please indicate Other Sources: please indicate How instrumental is the source to the story: 1=very central; 2= central; 3= moderately mentioned; 4=only gets a mention (B) Character of Commentary Evaluation of Commentary: 1= very laudable; 2= favorable; 3= neutral; 4= critical; 5= abrasive; 99= other Secondary Evaluation of Commentary: 1= crusading; 2= argumentative; 3= descriptive; 4= summary; 5= cynical; 6= humorous; 7= warning/ helpful; 8= lyrical; Descriptive Characterization of President Chavez in editorials: As 1= authoritarian 2= socialist/leftist 3= populist 4= autocrat 5= strongman 6= bold 99= other ( please state) Characterization of other persons in editorials: please mention character and indicate descrption Main Discourse: Please state any significant words used: Location of word in editorial: 1= headline 2= main body 7) BIBLIOGRAPHY Althaus, Scott L. 2003. When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead: New Evidence for Press Independence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Political Communication, 20 Barbara Allen, Paula OLoughlin, Amy Jasperson, John L. Sullivan The Media and the Gulf War: Framing, Pri